CASES – वचन
हरिः ॐ!
This forms my Sanskrit Lesson 21 – (for other lessons see https://janamejayans.home.blog/sanskrit-lesson/ )
Grammatical case is a linguistics term regarding a manner of categories –
एकवचन – nouns, pronouns, adjectives, participles, and numerals according to their traditionally corresponding grammatical functions within a given phrase, clause, or sentence. In some languages, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners, participles, prepositions, numerals, articles and their modifiers take different inflected forms, depending on their case. As a language evolves, cases can merge, a phenomenon formally called syncretism.
English has largely lost its inflected case system although personal pronouns still have three cases, which are simplified forms of the nominative, accusative and genitive cases. They are used with personal pronouns: subjective case (I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who, whoever), objective case (me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom, whomever) and possessive case (my, mine; your, yours; his; her, hers; its; our, ours; their, theirs; whose; whosever[2]).[3] Forms such as I, he and we are used for the subject (“I kicked the ball”), and forms such as me, him and us are used for the object (“John kicked me”).
The number of cases differs between languages: Persian has two; modern English has three but for pronouns only; Modern Standard and Classical forms of Arabic have three etc.
With this preamble to the modern Indian readers who have lost their roots I am giving below the roots of cases in Sanskrit.
We will began to read with 7 cases and all three numbers of the शब्द named राम.
We call this as अकारान्तः पुल्लिङ्गः राम सब्धः This is to say the word राम which ends with the vowel syllable अ.
विभक्ति – Cases एकवचन – Singular द्विवचन – Dual बहुवचन – Plular
एकवचन – रामः द्विवचन – रामौ बहुवचन – रामाः
एकवचन – रामं द्विवचन – रामौ बहुवचन – रामान्
एकवचन – रामेण द्विवचन – रामाभ्यां बहुवचन – रामैः
एकवचन – रामाय द्विवचन – रामाभ्यां बहुवचन – रामेभ्यः
एकवचन – रामात् द्विवचन – रामाभ्यां बहुवचन – रामेभ्यः
एकवचन – रामस्य द्विवचन – रामयोः बहुवचन – रामाणां
एकवचन – रामे द्विवचन – रामयोः बहुवचन – रामेषु
एकवचन – हे राम द्विवचन – हे रामौ बहुवचन – हे रामाः
Let us discuss about each विभक्ति and its terms of usage.
रामः – One Rama ; रामौ – Two Ramas ; रामाः – Many Ramas.
Let’s consider few examples,
He is rama – एषः रामः
He is a God – एषः एकः भगवान्
Now consider rama as an object. Let us see few more examples,
Here look at rama – अत्र रामं पश्य
Here look at two ramas – अत्र रामौ पश्य
Here look at many ramas – अत्र रामान् पश्य
रामेण – by a rama
रामाभ्यां – by two ramas
रामैः – by many ramas
रामाय – (for / to) a rama
रामाभ्यां – (for / to) two ramas
रामेभ्यः – (for / to) many ramas
रामात् – from a rama
रामाभ्यां – from two ramas
रामेभ्यः – from many ramas
रामस्य – of a rama
रामयोः – of two ramas
रामाणां – of many ramas
रामे – in a rama
रामयोः – in two ramas
रामेषु – in many ramas
हे राम – hey! rama.
हे रामौ – hey! two ramas.
हे रामाः – hey! many ramas.
Few more example sentences discussing the cases orderly from 1 to 8,
भगवान् रामः – God Rama.
Worship rama – रामं क्रतु – rAmam kratu
We lives by rama – वयम् रामेण जीवामः – vayam rAmeNa jIvAmah
So, we salute to rama – अतः वयम् रामाय वन्दनं कुर्मः – atah vayam rAmAya vandanam kurmah
And we get blessings from rama – वयम् रामात् आशीर्वादम् लभामः च – vayam rAmAt AshErvAdam labhAmah ca
We are the children of rama – वयम् रामस्य सुताः – vayam rAmasya sutAh
So, We surrender to rama – अतः वयम् रामे आत्मसमर्पणं कुर्मः – atah vayam rAme AtmasamarpaNam kurmah
Now say, hey Rama! hey Rama! hey Rama! – अथ वदामः, हे राम! हे राम! हे राम! — शुभमस्तु —
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